
OWASP NHI5:2025 - Overprivileged NHI In-Depth Analysis and Management
Why service accounts and API keys end up with more privilege than they need, and how A2A and MCP raise the stakes.

OWASP NHI Top 10 series

Why service accounts and API keys end up with more privilege than they need, and how A2A and MCP raise the stakes.


Research puts NHIs at roughly 46 per person, and 45 times the human count in DevOps. What weak authentication costs at that scale.


Service accounts and tokens that outlive their purpose are the easiest targets in the estate. What OWASP NHI1:2025 says about offboarding.


OWASP NHI2:2025 covers API keys and tokens ending up in stores that were never meant to hold them. Where they leak, and how to stop it.


Third-party integrations reach into your resources with credentials you never issued. What OWASP NHI3:2025 covers, and where the exposure sits.


OWASP NHI Top 10 names the machine-credential risks most teams still do not track. Here is what each threat means, and how each maps to real controls you can deploy.

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