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Maturity Framework

The NHI Maturity Model

A comprehensive framework for advancing your organization's non-human identity security from discovery to automated governance.

5 Maturity LevelsActionable Roadmap10-minute read

Introduction

As organizations accelerate digital transformation, the number of non-human identities (NHIs)—API keys, service accounts, certificates, tokens—grows exponentially. Yet most organizations lack a systematic approach to managing these critical credentials.

The NHI Maturity Model provides a clear roadmap for organizations to evolve from ad-hoc, reactive secret management to proactive, automated governance. This framework helps security leaders assess their current state, identify gaps, and prioritize investments for maximum impact.

The 5 Maturity Levels

Organizations typically progress through five distinct phases as they mature their NHI security practices.

LEVEL 1

Ad-Hoc

Reactive, manual processes

LEVEL 2

Aware

Discovery and visibility

LEVEL 3

Managed

Inventory and controls

LEVEL 4

Automated

Lifecycle automation

LEVEL 5

Optimized

Continuous governance

LEVEL 1

Ad-Hoc

At this stage, organizations have no centralized approach to managing non-human identities. Secrets are scattered across codebases, configuration files, and developer machines.

Characteristics

  • Secrets hardcoded in source code and configuration files
  • No inventory of API keys and service accounts
  • Reactive, manual response to credential leaks
  • Credentials rarely rotated or updated

Risks

High risk of credential exposure. Organizations at this level are vulnerable to credential theft, insider threats, and supply chain attacks. Recovery from incidents is slow and costly.

Path to Level 2

1
Conduct Secret Scanning
Scan repositories, logs, and configuration files for exposed credentials
2
Create Initial Inventory
Document known API keys, service accounts, and certificates
3
Designate Security Champion
Assign a team member to drive NHI security awareness

Path to Level 3

1
Deploy Secret Vault
Implement centralized secret management solution
2
Migrate Critical Secrets
Move high-risk credentials from code to vault
3
Implement Access Controls
Define RBAC policies for secret access
LEVEL 2

Aware

Organizations at this level have gained visibility into their NHI landscape. They know what secrets exist, where they're used, and who owns them.

Characteristics

  • Comprehensive inventory of all machine identities
  • Continuous scanning for exposed secrets
  • Ownership and accountability established
  • Risk prioritization based on exposure and permissions

Impact

Improved security posture. Organizations can now proactively identify and respond to credential exposures, significantly reducing time to remediation.

LEVEL 3

Managed

At this stage, organizations have implemented centralized secret management and enforce policies across all systems. Manual rotation processes are in place.

Characteristics

  • Centralized secret vault with encryption at rest
  • Role-based access control (RBAC) enforced
  • Regular credential rotation schedules
  • Audit logging and compliance reporting

Impact

Controlled environment. Organizations have established foundational security controls and can demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.

Path to Level 4

1
Implement CI/CD Integration
Inject secrets at runtime, remove from code
2
Enable Automatic Rotation
Configure automated credential lifecycle management
3
Deploy Just-in-Time Access
Implement dynamic, short-lived credentials

Path to Level 5

1
Implement ML-Based Anomaly Detection
Detect unusual credential usage patterns
2
Enable Policy-as-Code
Define and enforce security policies programmatically
3
Establish Security Metrics
Track KPIs and continuous improvement
LEVEL 4

Automated

Organizations at this level have eliminated manual processes through automation. Credentials are dynamically provisioned, rotated without downtime, and revoked immediately when no longer needed.

Characteristics

  • Automated credential rotation with zero downtime
  • Just-in-time credential provisioning
  • Real-time threat detection and response
  • Integration with CI/CD and deployment pipelines

Impact

Operational efficiency. Security teams spend less time on manual tasks and more on strategic initiatives. Incidents are automatically detected and remediated.

LEVEL 5

Optimized

The highest maturity level represents continuous improvement and proactive security. Organizations predict and prevent issues before they occur through advanced analytics and governance.

Characteristics

  • ML-powered anomaly detection and prediction
  • Policy-as-code with automated enforcement
  • Continuous compliance and risk scoring
  • Cross-functional security culture and training

Impact

Proactive security leadership. Organizations at this level set industry standards, contribute to open source, and continuously innovate security practices.

Sustaining Excellence

Continuous Improvement
Regular security posture assessments and metrics review
Knowledge Sharing
Contribute to industry standards and best practices
Innovation
Invest in emerging technologies and threat research

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